نوع مقاله : پژوهش اصیل
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار گروه مشاوره، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری مشاوره خانواده، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Background: Transmitted guilt is a phenomenon that is observed in all family interactions about the roles and tasks defined in the family context and the communication dynamics of parent-child relationships, but its pervasive state causes maladaptive emotional and behavioral patterns. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate children's perceptions of guilt transmitted from parents. Method: The present study was methodologically qualitative, using grounded theory and targeted and accessible sampling. The study population consisted of girls in the sixties in the winter of 1398 in Tehran. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and used the grounded theory (GT) method to analyze the data. The analysis of the interview data was generally categorized into three axes: how to perceive the guilt transmitted from parents, the grounds for creating the guilt transmitted from parents, and the mechanisms for reducing the guilt transmitted from parents. Findings: The analysis of the interview data was generally categorized into three axes: how to perceive the guilt transmitted from parents, the grounds for creating the guilt transmitted from parents, and the mechanisms for reducing the guilt transmitted from parents. The results of open, axial, and selective coding showed that the perception of guilt includes annoying emotions, maladaptive cognitions, and ineffective action. Individual, familial, and contextual factors play a role in creating a feeling of guilt, and mechanisms to decrease feelings of guilt include insight, compensation, and cut-off. Conclusion: In addition to increasing the insight into the phenomenon of guilt transmitted from parents and the grounds of its creation, the results can be underlying for further research as well as the designing of educational and therapeutic programs to ease and improve parent-child relationships.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Abasi M, (2008). Factors of apostasy and youth tendency to Western culture, Journal of Marefat, 12, 116.http://marifat.nashriyat.ir/node/341. Persian
Abdizarrin, S.& Sanei Taheri, M. (2020). The Prediction of Marital Satisfaction based on Communication Patterns, Attachment Styles, and Psychological Hardiness. Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 10(1), 179-208. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.22516654.1399.10.1.8.9. Persian
Akhtar, S. (2018). Sources of Suffering: Fear, greed, guilt, deception, betrayal, and revenge: Routledge. https://books.google.nl/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oBVWDwAAQBAJ&o.
Babaei Garmkhani, M., Kasaei, A., Kianoosh, Z & Esmaeil, A. (2019). Effectiveness of compassion-focused group counseling on emotion regulation strategies and marital satisfaction of betrayal women with cyber infidelity. Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 2, 73- 92. 20.1001.1.22516654.1398.9.2.4.0. Persian
Esmaeili, M. (2015) Paradigmatic Considerations in Family Therapy (Vol. 0): Science. http://lib.khuisf.ac.ir/site/catalogue/493158. Persian
Asch, S. S. (1976). Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 24(2), 383-407. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000306517602400209.
Barber, B. K., & Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: Parental psychological control of children and adolescents. https://doi.org/10.1037/10422-002
Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). Guilt: an interpersonal approach. Psychological bulletin, 115(2), 243. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.243.
Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1995). Personal narratives about guilt: Role in action control and interpersonal relationships. Basic and applied social psychology, 17(1-2), 173-198. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1701&2_10.
Bybee, J. (1997). Guilt and children: Elsevier. https://books.google.com/books?id=MHbGQe_xc9sC&lpg=PP2&ots.
Clark, M. S. (1984). Record keeping in two types of relationships. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 47(3), 549. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.3.549.
Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1979). Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 37(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.12.
Colasante, T., Gao, X., & Malti, T. (2019). Aware and tuned to care: Children with better distress recognition and higher sympathy anticipate more guilt after harming others. British Journal of developmental psychology, 37(4), 600-610. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12305.
De Hooge, I. E., Zeelenberg, M., & Breugelmans, S. M. (2007). Moral sentiments and cooperation: Differential influences of shame and guilt. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 1025-1042. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930600980874
Decety, J., Michalska, K. J., & Akitsuki, Y. (2008). Who caused the pain? An fMRI investigation of empathy and intentionality in children. Neuropsychologia, 46(11), 2607-2614. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.05.026 .
Dictionary, M.-W. (1998). Home and Office Edition. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster: Inc. Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions - Merriam-Webster, Inc, MERRIAM-WEBSTER STAFF - Google Books.
England, M. J., Sim, L. J., & National Research Council. (2009). Associations Between Depression in Parents and Parenting, Child Health, and Child Psychological Functioning. In Depression in Parents, Parenting, and Children: Opportunities to Improve Identification, Treatment, and Prevention. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215128/
Erfani, A., & Shojaei, J. (2019). Reasons for intending to have no children in Tehran, Iran. Community Health, 6(2), 116-29. http://ojs2.sbmu.ac.ir/en-ch
Ferguson, T. J., & Stegge, H. (1995). Emotional states and traits in children: The case of guilt and shame. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-97661-005.
Frank, R. H. (1988). Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions: WW Norton & Co. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1988-98770-000.
Gangemi, A., & Mancini, F. (2007). Guilt and focusing in decision‐making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 20(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.536
Gazzillo, F., Gorman, B., Bush, M., Silberschatz, G., Mazza, C., Faccini, F.,... De Luca, E. (2017). Reliability and validity of the Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale-15: A new clinician-reporting tool for assessing interpersonal guilt according to Control-Mastery Theory. Psychodynamic psychiatry, 45(3), 362-384. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2017.45.3.362
Grey, I., Daly, R., Thomas, J., & Marassas, W. (2018). The relationship between shame and guilt: Cultural comparisons between Ireland and the United Arab Emirates. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 21(3), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1455651
Gross, E., & Stone, G. P. (1964). Embarrassment and the analysis of role requirements. American Journal of Sociology, 70(1), 1-15. /doi/abs/10.1086/223733
Hoffman, M. L. (1983). Empathy, guilt, and social cognition. The relationship between social and cognitive development, 1-51.https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oWZjFVLeRqMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq
Holmes, D. E. (2006). The wrecking effects of race and social class on self and success. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 75(1), 215-235. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2167-4086.2006.tb00038.x
Katelaar, T., & Au, W. (2003). The effects of guilt on the behavior of uncooperative individuals in repeated social bargaining games: An affect-as-information interpretation of the role of emotion in social interaction. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000662
Konzelmann Ziv, A. (2007). Collective guilt feeling revisited. dialectica, 61(3), 467-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-8361.2007.01120.x
Lebra, T. S. (1971). The social mechanism of guilt and shame: The Japanese case. Anthropological Quarterly, 241-255. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3316971
Loas, G., Baelde, O., & Verrier, A. (2015). Relationship between alexithymia and dependent personality disorder: a dimensional analysis. Psychiatry Research, 225(3), 484-488. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.062
Mancini, F., & Gangemi, A. (2004). The influence of responsibility and guilt on naive hypothesis-testing. Thinking & Reasoning, 10(3), 289-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546780442000060.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological review, 98(2), 224. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
McKee, L. G., Parent, J., Forehand, R., Rakow, A., Watson, K. H., Dunbar, J. P.,... Compas, B. E. (2014). Reducing youth internalizing symptoms: Effects of a family-based preventive intervention on parental guilt induction and youth cognitive style. Development and Psychopathology, 26(2), 319. doi: 10.1017/S0954579413001016
Nelissen, R. M. (2012). Guilt-induced self-punishment as a sign of remorse. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(2), 139-144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611411520.
Nelissen, R. M., Dijker, A. J., & deVries, N. K. (2007). How to turn a hawk into a dove and vice versa: Interactions between emotions and goals in a give-some dilemma game. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(2), 280-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.01.009
Ottaviani, C., Collazzoni, A., D’Olimpio, F., Moretta, T., & Mancini, F. (2019). I obsessively clean because deontological guilt makes me feel physiologically disgusted! Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 20, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.01.004
Overall, N. C., Girme, Y. U., Lemay Jr, E. P., & Hammond, M. D. (2014). Attachment anxiety and reactions to relationship threat: The benefits and costs of inducing guilt in romantic partners. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 106(2), 235. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034371
Oyserman, D., Coon, H., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). How American is individualism? Relational Americans and other lessons from cultural and cross-cultural research. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3-72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3
Robinaugh, D. J., & McNally, R. J. (2010). Autobiographical memory for shame or guilt provoking events: Association with psychological symptoms. Behavior research and therapy, 48(7), 646-652. DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.017
Rudy, D., Carlo, G., Lambert, M. C., & Awong, T. (2014). Undergraduates’ perceptions of parental relationship-oriented guilt induction versus harsh psychological control: Does cultural group status moderate their associations with self-esteem? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(6), 905-920. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114532354.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research. Sage publications. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/basics-of-qualitative-research/book235578
Strelan, P. (2007). Who forgives others, themselves, and situations? The roles of narcissism, guilt, self-esteem, and agreeableness. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(2), 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.017
Susman, E. J., Trickett, P. K., Iannotti, R. J., Hollenbeck, B. E., & Zahn‐Waxler, C. (1985). Child‐rearing patterns in depressed, abusive, and normal mothers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55(2), 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1985.tb03438.x
Tangney, J., & Dearing, R. (2002a). Emotions and social behavior. Shame and guilt: Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412950664.n388.
Tangney, J., & Dearing, R. (2002b). Shame and guilt. New York, NY. Guilford Press. Tangney, JP, Stuewig, J., & Mashek, DJ (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345-372. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145
Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2003). Shame and guilt: Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412950664.n388
Taylor, G. (1985). Pride, shame, and guilt: Emotions of self-assessment. https://philpapers.org/rec/TAYPSA
Triandis, H. (1995). New directions in social psychology: Individualism & collectivism. Boulder, CO, US: Westview Press. https://www.abebooks.com/9780813318509
Valentiner, D. P., & Smith, S. A. (2008). Believing that intrusive thoughts can be immoral moderates the relationship between obsessions and compulsions for shame-prone individuals. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(5), 714-720. DOI:10.1007/s10608-007-9179-1
Vangelisti, A. L., Daly, J. A., & Rae Rudnick, J. (1991). Making people feel guilty in conversations: Techniques and correlates. Human Communication Research, 18(1), 3-39.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1991.tb00527.x
Ward, C., & Styles, I. (2012). Guilt as a consequence of migration. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 9(4), 330-343. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.321
Weiss, J. (1986). Unconscious guilt. The psychoanalytic process: Theory, clinical observation, and empirical research, 43-67. https://www.guilford.com/books /9780898626704
Weiss, R. S. (1975). Marital separation: Basic Books. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271627642500157
Weissman, M. M., & Paykel, E. S. (1974). The depressed woman: A study of social relationships: U Chicago Press. doi:10.1001/jama.1974.03240030085044
Yu, J., Cheah, C. S., Hart, C. H., Sun, S., & Olsen, J. A. (2015). Confirming the multidimensionality of psychologically controlling parenting among Chinese-American mothers: Love withdrawal, guilt induction, and shaming. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39(3), 285-292. DOI: 10.1177/0165025414562238 .
Zaccari, V., Aceto, M., & Mancini, F. (2020). A Systematic Review of Instruments to Assess Guilt in Children and Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.573488.
Zahn-Waxler, C., & Kochanska, G. (1990). The origins of guilt. Paper presented at the Nebraska Symposium on motivation. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-97773-004.
Zahn-Waxler, C., Kochanska, G., Krupnick, J., & McKnew, D. (1990). Patterns of guilt in children of depressed and well mothers. Developmental Psychology, 26(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.26.1.51.
)
