The Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in Divorced Women: Predictive Role of Forgiveness, Social Support and Resilience

Document Type : Original

Authors

1 Assistance Professor of Psychology, University of Malayer, Malayer, Iran

2 MA Student in Psychology, Islamic Azad Universityof, Arak,Iran

3 PhD in Educational psychology, Islamic Azad University of Hamedan, Hamedan,Iran

Abstract

Purpose:Depression is one of the problems in divorced women and the role of forgiveness, social support and resilience on it, is especially important. The purpose of current study was the prevalence of depression symptoms and relationship between forgiveness, social support and resilience with those symptoms in divorced women.
Methods: In this correlation research, 124 divorced women in Kermanshah were selected by available sampling and filled the Depression, Forgiveness, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support and Resilience scales. Pearson correlation and regression were used for analyzing the data.
Findings: The results showed that 16.9% of divorced women have mild depression, 50.0% moderate depression and 33.1% severe depression. There was negative correlation between forgiveness of oneself and others, social support and resilience with depression symptoms and the predictive variables explained 15% the variance of depression symptoms in divorced women.
Conclusion:Results supported the high prevalence of depression symptoms and the meaningful correlation of forgiveness, social support and resilience with depression symptoms. Results have important implication in attending to develop the social support systems and trainings based on forgiveness and resilience for reducing the depression symptoms in divorced women.

Keywords

References

Abdul Kadir, N.., & Bifulco, A. (2011).Vulnerability, life events and depression amongst Moslem Malaysian women: comparing those married and those divorced or separated. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46, 853-862.
Anderson, D.K., Saunders, D.G., Yoshihama, M., Bybee, D.I., & Sullivan, C.M. (2003). Long-term Trends in Depression among Women Separated from Abusive Partners. Violence Against Women, 9, 807-838. Arrington, E.G., & Wilson, M.N.(2000). Re-Examination of Risk and Resilience during Adolescence: Incorporating Cultural and Diversity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 9, 221-230.
Breslau, J., Miller, E.R., Sampson, N.A., Alonso, J., Andrade, L.H., Bromet, E.J., de Girolamo, G., Demyttenaere, K., Fayyad, J., Fukao, A., Gălăon, M., Gureje, O., He, Y., Hinkov, H.R, Hu, C., Kovess-Masfety, V., Matschinger, H., Medina-Mora, M.E., Ormel, J., Posada-Villa, J., Sagar, R., Scott, K.M., & Kessler, R.C. (2011). A multinational study of mental disorders, marriage, and divorce. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124, 474-486.
Bruce, M.L., & Kim, K.M. (1992). Differences in the effects of divorce on major depression in men and women. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 914- 917.
Carbonell, D.M., Reinherz, H.Z., & Giaconia, R.M.(1998). Risk and resilience in late adolescence. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 15, 251-272.
Connor, K.M., & Davidson, J.R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76-82.
 Edwards, L.M. (2004). Measuring perceived social support in Mexican American Youth: Psychometric properties of the Multidimesional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26, 187-194.
Exline, J.J., & Martin, A. (2005). Anger toward God: a new frontier in forgiveness research. In Handbook of Forgiveness, E. L. Worthington, Ed., pp. 73–88, BrunnerRoutledge, New York, NY, USA.
 Graff-Reed, R.L. (2004). Positive Effects of Stressful Life Events: Psychological Growth Following Divorce. (Dissertation for the Degree: Doctor of Philosophy). Miami University, The Graduate School. Hall, J.H., & Fincham, F.D. (2005). Self-forgiveness: the stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 621–637.
Hirsch, J.K., Webb, J.R., & Jeglic, E.L. (2011). Forgiveness, depression, and suicidal behavior among a diverse sample of college students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 896–906.
 Hook, J.N. (2007). Forgiveness, Individualism and Collectivism. (thesis dissertation). Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science, Virginia Commonweals University.
 Janoff-Bulman, R. (1999). Rebuilding shattered assumptions after traumatic life events: Coping Processes and Outcomes. In CR. Snider (Ed), Coping: The Psychology of What Works. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999; 305-323.
Lewin, A., Jöbges, M., & Werheid, K. (2013). The influence of self-efficacy, prestroke depression and perceived social support on self-reported depressive symptoms during stroke rehabilitation. Neuropsychol Rehabil. [Epub ahead of print], In Press.
 Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R. L., Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., Jr., Johnson, C., & Chao, W. (1997). Married and recently divorced mothers’ stressful events and distress: Tracing change across time. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 219-232.
Lorenz, F.O., Wickrama, K.A.S., & Conger, R.D., Elder, G.H. (2006). the Short-Term and Decade-Long Effects of Divorce on Women's Midlife Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47, 111-125.
Luthar, S. S., (2003). Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
McCullough, M. E., Fincham, F. D., & Tsang, J. (2003). Forgiveness, forbearance, and time: The temporal unfolding of transgression-related interpersonal motivations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 540-557.
Miller A.M., & Chandler, P.J. (2002). Acculturation, resilience, and depression in midlife women from the former Soviet Union. Nursing Research. 51, 26-32.
 Orcutt, H.K. (2006). The prospective relationship of interpersonal forgiveness and psychological distress symptoms among college women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 350–361.
 Orozco, V. (2007). Ethnic Identity, Perceived Social Support, Coping Strategies, University Environment, Cultural Congruity, and Resilience of Latina/o College Students. (thesis dissertation). Graduate School, The Ohio State University.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 07 June 2013
  • Accept Date: 03 August 2013

Share

How to cite

Statistics