تدوین دست نامه راهنمای هنر درمانی مادر-محور و آزمون اثر آن بر رابطه مادر و کودک برای خانواده‌های دارای کودکان دچار اختلالات طیف درخودماندگی

نوع مقاله : پژوهش اصیل

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد روانشناسی بالینی. دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران جنوب

2 دانشیار پژوهشکده خانواده، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکتری روان شناسی و آموزش کودکان استثنایی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیراز، شیراز، ایران.

چکیده

اختلالات طیف درخودماندگی به‌عنوان یکی از وخیم­ترین و پیچیده­ترین اختلالات روان‌شناختی کودکان شناخته‌شده است که با مشکلاتی چون نقص کیفی در روابط اجتماعی، کلامی و رفتارها، حرکات تکراری، کلیشه‌ای و محدود همراه است. این مشکلات در روند ارتباط و تعاملات این کودکان با سایرین و اعضای خانواده به‌خصوص مادران آن­ها اثر منفی و آسیب­زایی دارد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تدوین دست نامه راهنمای هنر درمانی مادر-محور و چگونگی اثربخشی آن بر رابطه مادر و کودک انجام‌گرفته است. روش مورداستفاده در پژوهش حاضر، روش نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش­آزمون_ پس­آزمون، همراه با گروه کنترل و پیگیری (دوماهه) است. تعداد بیست مادر و کودک دارای اختلالات طیف درخودماندگی از میان مادران و کودکانی که به کلینیک آموزش و پژوهش کودکان با اختلال ویژه دانشگاه شهید بهشتی مراجعه کرده­اند، انتخاب‌شده و به‌طور تصادفی در دو گروه ده‌نفره آزمایش و کنترل قرار داده شدند. هر دو گروه در سه مرحله، پیش و پس از مداخله و دو ماه بعد از مداخله به مقیاس  رابطه مادر و کودک پیانتا  (Pianta, 1992) پاسخ دادند. برای تحلیل داده­ها از شاخص­های توصیفی و روش­های آماری t استیودنت و تحلیل واریانس آمیخته استفاده‌شده است. یافته­ها نشان داد که دست نامه راهنمای هنر درمانی مادر-محور به‌طور معناداری رابطه مثبت مادر و کودک را در گروه آزمایش افزایش داده است؛ افزایش صمیمیت  (F=8.49,sig<0.001) کاهش تعارض (F=47.52,sig<0.001) و کاهش وابستگی (F=13.29,sig<0.001). به‌عبارت‌دیگر تعارض و وابستگی در رابطه مادر و کودک دارای اختلالات طیف درخودماندگی کاهش و نزدیکی افزایش‌یافته است. درنتیجه اثربخشی دست نامه راهنمای هنر درمانی مادر-محور مورد تائید است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Compilation of the Manual of Mother-Centered Art Therapy and Evaluate its Effect on the Mother-Child Relationship for Families with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

نویسندگان [English]

  • Kiana Zadeh mohamadi 1
  • Ali Zade Mohammadi 2
  • Hale Ofoghi 3
1 M.A, Clinical Psychology, faculty of psychology and educational sciences of Tehran south Islamic Azad University. Tehran. Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
3 Ph.D Candidate in Exceptional Child Psychology, faculty of psychology and educational sciences of shiraz Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background: Autism spectrum disorders are known as one of the most serious and complex psychological disorders in children, that is associated with problems such as deficits in social, verbal, and behavioral relationships, repetitive, stereotypical, and limited movements. These problems harm the process of communication and interactions of these children with others and family members, especially their mothers. Objective: The study aimed to compile a Manual for mother-centered art therapy, and how it affects the mother-child relationship. Method: The method is a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test-post-test design with a control and follow-up group (two months). Twenty mothers and children with autism spectrum disorders were selected from mothers and children who were referred to the clinic for children with special disorders at Shahid Beheshti University and were randomly assigned to two experimental (N=10) and control groups (N=10). Both groups completed the Pianta Mother-Child relationship scale (Pianta, 1992) in three stages, before and after the intervention and two months after the intervention. Descriptive indices Student t-test and mixed analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Findings: The results showed that the Manual mother-centered art therapy significantly increased the positive relationship between mother and child in the experimental group; increased intimacy (F = 8.49; sig <0.001) and decreased conflict (F = 47.52; sig<0.001) and decreased dependence (F = 13.29; sig <0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the conflict and dependence in the relationship between mother and child with autism spectrum disorders have decreased and intimacy has increased. As a result, the effectiveness of the mother-centered art therapy manual is confirmed.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • autism
  • the manual of mother-centered art therapy guide
  • mother-child relationship
Abareshi, Z., Tahmasian, K., Mazaheri, M., & Panaghi, L. (2009). The impact of psychosocial Child Development training program, done through improvement of mother-child interaction, on parental self-efficacy and the relationship between mother and child under three. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 3(3), 49-58. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.20080166.1388.3.3.5.5 [Persian]
 Aali, Sh., Amin Yazdi, A., Abdkhodaei, M., Chamanabad, A., & Moharrari, F. (2015). Designing a family-centered combination therapy based on the integrated human transformation model and comparing its effectiveness with fluor time play therapy on behavioral symptoms of children with autism spectrum disorder and parenting stress. Journal of Psychological Achievements, Educational Sciences and Psychology, 4 (22), 25-46.                                                       https://www.sid.ir/fa/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=301839[Persian]
Azizi, M., Afrooz, Gh., Hassanzadeh, S., Qhobaro Bonab, B., & Arjomandnia, A. (2015). Designing a program for pre-verbal skills training and evaluating its effectiveness in improving the social skills of high-functioning autistic children. Children Empowerment Quarterly, 6(3), 13-23. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=320079 [Persian]
Baron Cohen, S. (2010). Autism and Asperger Syndrome, Translated by Ganji,M. Tehran: Savalan Publications. (Original Release Date2008). [Persian]
Baron-Cohen, S. (2008). Precursors to a theory of mind: Understanding attention in others. In A. Whiten, Ed., Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development, and simulation of everyday mindreading. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 26(1), 233-251.https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-98053-000.
Baker, M., Stahmer A.,& Burns, A. (2007). Child demographics associated with outcomes in a community-based pivotal response training program. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 9(1), 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/10983007070090010601
Case, C., & Dalley, T. (2008). Art Therapy with Children from Infancy to Adolescence. https://www.routledge.com/Art-Therapy-with-Children-From-Infancy-to-Adolescence/Case-Dalley/p/book/9780415386302
Case, C., & Daly, T. (2014). Children's art therapy. Translated by Salimi, H. Tehran: New World Publishing. (Original Release Date, 2008). [Persian]
Cook, A., Ogden, J., & Winstone, N. (2018). The impact of a school-based musical contact intervention on prosocial attitudes, emotions, and behaviors: a pilot trial with autistic and neurotypical children. 23(4):933-942. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318787793
Durrani, H (2014). Facilitating Attachment in Children With Autism Through Art Therapy: A Case Study. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration 2019 American Psychological Association, 2(29), 44–108. https://my.mtmary.edu/ICS/icsfs/Durrani%2c_Huma.pdf?target=e8f46f22-9c31-4cf8-b1c4-77a18dc20858[Persian]
Emery, M. J. (2004). Art therapy as an intervention for autism. Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 21(1), 191-191. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ682598
Evans, K., & Dubowski, J. (2001). Art therapy with children on the autistic spectrum: Beyond words. https://www.amazon.com/Art-Therapy-Children-Autistic-Spectrum/dp/1853028258
Fancourt, D., & Finn, S. (2019). What is the evidence on the role of the arts in improving health and well-being? A scoping review. Health Evidence Network synthesis report, No.67. https://doi.org/ 13: 978-92-890-5455-3
Gabriels, L. R., & Gaffey, J. L. (2012). Art therapy with children on the autism spectrum. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-03899-015
Hosseini, M. (2003). Advice of parents on educational issues, and children's education with educational warnings. Tehran: Asatir Publications. [Persian]
Hatamzadeh, A., Pouretemad, H. R., & Hassanabadi, H. (2010). The effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy for children with high functioning autism. Journal of Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5(1), 994-997. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10803-008-0567-5. [Persian]
Kuhn, J. C., & Carter, A. S. (2006). Maternal self-efficacy and associated parenting cognitions among mothers of children with autism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 564-575.https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.564
Khoramabadi, R., Chimeh, N., Pour-Etemad, H., & Tahmasian, K. (2009). Comparison of parenting stress among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder and mothers of normal children. Journal of Family Studies, 5(19), 387-399.https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=103709 [Persian]
Liu, J., Yao, L., Zhang, W., & Xiao, Y. (2017). Gray matter abnormalities in pediatric Autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis with signed differential mapping. Euro Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 26, 411-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0964-4
 Landgarten, H. (2008). Clinical Art Therapy. Translated by Hashemian, k., & AbuHamza, A. Tehran: Danjeh Publishing. (Original Release Date, 2015).
 Liebman, M. (2014). Art therapy for groups; Handbook of art therapy topics and exercises. Translated by Zadeh Mohammadi, A., & Tavakoli, H. Tehran: Qatreh Publications, (Original publication date,2012).
 Moghaddam, K. (.2016).  Designing and evaluating the effectiveness of a family-centered art therapy program on verbal skills, social interactions, and stereotyped behaviors of selfish children and their parents' marital satisfaction. Ph.D. Thesis in Psychology, Exceptional Children, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Branch. [Persian]
 Moghaddam, K., Estaki, M., Pishyareh, A., Farahbod, M., & Gharib, M. (2010).  The effect of teaching visual arts on visual perception skills of students with impaired arithmetic. Special issue of pediatric nerve rehabilitation.
 Moghaddam, K., Sharifi, P., Afroz,G., & ZadehMohamadi, A. (2015).  Evaluation of the effectiveness of family art therapy program on marital satisfaction Mothers and fathers of autistic children. Journal of Empowering Children, 3 (15), 119-132. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/7095. [Persian]
 Martin, N. (2004).  Art therapy and autism: Overview and recommendations. Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 26, 181– 140. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421656.2009.10129616
Malchiodi, C. (2012).  The art and science of art therapy. Malchiodi (Ed.), Handbook of art therapy (.1_9). https://www.academia.edu/8449655/Handbook_of_art_therapy
 Riley, S., & Malchiodi, C. A. (1994).  Integrative approaches to family art therapy. Chicago: Magnolia Street. Rogers.https://www.amazon.com/Integrative-Approaches-Family-Art-Therapy/dp/1890374032
 Samadi, S. A., Mahmoodizadeh, A., & McConkey, R. (2012).  A national study of the prevalence of autism among five-year-old children in Iran. Autism, 16 (1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1362361311407091 [Persian]
 Silvers, J. B. (2008).  Art Therapy Workbook for Children and Adolescents with Autism. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Art Therapy & Counseling. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=urs1210046722&disposition=inline
 Silvers, J. (2013).  Art therapy for children and adolescents with autism. Translated by Tavakoli Targhi, A., & Shafieifar, A. Tehran: Fararavan Publications. (Original Release Date,2008).
 Schweizer, C., Knorth, EJ., & Spreen, M. (2014).  Art therapy with children with autism spectrum disorders: a review of clinical case descriptions on “what works”. Arts Psychother. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2014.10.009
 Vaiouli, P., & Andreou, G. (2018).  Communication and language development of young children with autism: a review of research in music. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1525740117705117